postal-mime

postal-mime is an email parsing library for Node.js, browsers (including Web Workers), and serverless environments (like Cloudflare Email Workers). It takes in a raw email message (RFC822 format) and outputs a structured object containing headers, recipients, attachments, and more.

Tip

PostalMime is developed by the makers of EmailEngine, a self-hosted email gateway that provides a REST API for IMAP and SMTP servers and sends webhooks whenever something changes in registered accounts.

Features

Browser & Node.js compatible - Works in browsers, Web Workers, Node.js, and serverless environments
Written in TypeScript - Type declarations are generated from the source and shipped for both module formats
Dual package - Published as ES modules and as CommonJS, compiled from the same source
Zero dependencies - No external dependencies
RFC compliant - Follows RFC 2822/5322 email standards
Handles complex MIME structures - Multipart messages, nested parts, attachments
Security limits - Built-in protection against deeply nested or very wide messages, oversized headers and runaway nested message parsing

Note

Full documentation is available at postal-mime.postalsys.com.

Source

The source code is available on GitHub.

Demo

Try out a live demo using the example page.

Installation

Install the module from npm:

npm install postal-mime

The package needs a runtime with the TextDecoder, Blob and ReadableStream globals, which means Node.js 20 or newer, any modern browser, Deno, Bun or Cloudflare Workers.

Upgrading from 3.x

Version 4 is the TypeScript rewrite. Code that imports postal-mime by name keeps working and the parsed output is unchanged. What did change:

Browser deep imports. The ES module build moved from src/postal-mime.js to dist/esm/postal-mime.js. Only code that loaded the file from node_modules by its path is affected, see Browser.
Node.js 20 or newer is required.
Attachment.disposition is typed as AttachmentDisposition | null. The parser has always passed the Content-Disposition token through as it is, so the type now says so instead of claiming that only attachment and inline occur.
Stream input is typed as ReadableStream<Uint8Array>. A ReadableStream<ArrayBuffer> or ReadableStream<string> never parsed correctly and no longer type-checks. Any ArrayBufferView, including a DataView, is accepted.
addressParser no longer reads the undocumented _depth option.
CommonJS TypeScript projects get a declaration that matches what require() returns, see CommonJS. A project that compiles with both esModuleInterop and allowSyntheticDefaultImports switched off has to use import PostalMime = require('postal-mime') instead of a default import.

Usage

You can import the PostalMime class differently depending on your environment:

Browser

With a bundler such as Vite, webpack or esbuild, import the package by name and the bundler picks up the ES module build:

import PostalMime from 'postal-mime';

To load PostalMime in the browser without a bundler (including in Web Workers), import the ES module build directly:

import PostalMime from './node_modules/postal-mime/dist/esm/postal-mime.js';

const email = await PostalMime.parse(`Subject: My awesome email 🤓
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8

<p>Hello world 😵‍💫</p>`);

console.log(email.subject); // "My awesome email 🤓"

TypeScript

import PostalMime from 'postal-mime';
import type { Email } from 'postal-mime';

const email: Email = await PostalMime.parse(`Subject: My awesome email 🤓
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8

<p>Hello world 😵‍💫</p>`);

console.log(email.subject); // "My awesome email 🤓"

Node.js

In Node.js (including serverless functions), import it directly from postal-mime:

import PostalMime from 'postal-mime';
import util from 'node:util';

const email = await PostalMime.parse(`Subject: My awesome email 🤓
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8

<p>Hello world 😵‍💫</p>`);

// Use 'util.inspect' for pretty-printing
console.log(util.inspect(email, false, 22, true));

TypeScript

import PostalMime from 'postal-mime';
import type { Email, PostalMimeOptions } from 'postal-mime';
import util from 'node:util';

const options: PostalMimeOptions = {
    attachmentEncoding: 'base64'
};

const email: Email = await PostalMime.parse(
    `Subject: My awesome email 🤓
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8

<p>Hello world 😵‍💫</p>`,
    options
);

// Use 'util.inspect' for pretty-printing
console.log(util.inspect(email, false, 22, true));

CommonJS

For projects using CommonJS (with require()), postal-mime resolves to its CommonJS build:

const PostalMime = require('postal-mime');
const { addressParser, decodeWords } = require('postal-mime');

const email = await PostalMime.parse(`Subject: My awesome email 🤓
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8

<p>Hello world 😵‍💫</p>`);

console.log(email.subject); // "My awesome email 🤓"

TypeScript

The CommonJS declaration exports the class with export =, the shape require() returns, so both import forms are typed the same way, including under verbatimModuleSyntax. The types are available as members of the imported class:

import PostalMime = require('postal-mime');
// or, with esModuleInterop
// import PostalMime, { addressParser, decodeWords } from 'postal-mime';

const email: PostalMime.Email = await PostalMime.parse(raw);
const addresses: PostalMime.Address[] = PostalMime.addressParser('Name <name@example.com>');

Note

The ES module build in dist/esm/ and the CommonJS build in dist/cjs/ are compiled from the same TypeScript source, and each ships its own type declarations. require('postal-mime') returns the PostalMime class itself, with addressParser and decodeWords attached as properties.

Cloudflare Email Workers

Use the message.raw as the raw email data for parsing:

import PostalMime from 'postal-mime';

export default {
    async email(message, env, ctx) {
        const email = await PostalMime.parse(message.raw);

        console.log('Subject:', email.subject);
        console.log('HTML:', email.html);
        console.log('Text:', email.text);
    }
};

TypeScript

import PostalMime from 'postal-mime';
import type { Email } from 'postal-mime';

export default {
    async email(message: ForwardableEmailMessage, env: Env, ctx: ExecutionContext): Promise<void> {
        const email: Email = await PostalMime.parse(message.raw);

        console.log('Subject:', email.subject);
        console.log('HTML:', email.html);
        console.log('Text:', email.text);
    }
};

TypeScript Support

PostalMime is written in TypeScript. The type declarations are generated from the source during the build and are resolved through the package exports map, so no separate @types package is needed. All types can be imported from the main package:

import PostalMime, { addressParser, decodeWords } from 'postal-mime';
import type {
    Email,
    Address,
    Mailbox,
    AddressGroup,
    Header,
    HeaderLine,
    Attachment,
    AttachmentDisposition,
    AttachmentEncoding,
    PostalMimeOptions,
    AddressParserOptions,
    RawEmail
} from 'postal-mime';

Available Types

Email - The main parsed email object returned by PostalMime.parse()
Address - Union type representing either a Mailbox or an AddressGroup
Mailbox - Individual email address with name and address fields
AddressGroup - RFC 5322 address group with a name and a list of Mailbox members
Header - Email header with key, original key and value
HeaderLine - Raw header line with key and the complete line as it appeared in the message
Attachment - Email attachment with metadata and content
AttachmentDisposition - The lowercased Content-Disposition token of an attachment, attachment or inline for most parts
AttachmentEncoding - The accepted values of the attachmentEncoding option
PostalMimeOptions - Configuration options for parsing
AddressParserOptions - Configuration options for address parsing
RawEmail - Union type for all accepted email input formats
PostalMimeError - An error thrown by the parser, an Error with a code property
ErrorCode - Union of all error codes, see Errors

Every optional property is declared as T | undefined, so the types also work in projects that compile with exactOptionalPropertyTypes.

Type Narrowing

TypeScript users can use type guards to narrow address types:

import type { Address, Mailbox } from 'postal-mime';

function isMailbox(addr: Address): addr is Mailbox {
    return addr.group === undefined;
}

// Usage
if (email.from && isMailbox(email.from)) {
    console.log(email.from.address); // TypeScript knows this is a Mailbox
}

API

PostalMime.parse()

PostalMime.parse(email, options) -> Promise<Email>

email: An RFC822 formatted email. This can be a string, an ArrayBuffer, a Uint8Array or any other ArrayBufferView (including a Node.js Buffer and a DataView), a Blob, or a ReadableStream. A stream is read to completion before parsing starts.
options: Optional configuration object:
- rfc822Attachments (boolean, default: false): Treat message/rfc822 attachments without a Content-Disposition as attachments.
- forceRfc822Attachments (boolean, default: false): Treat all message/rfc822 parts as attachments.
- attachmentEncoding (string, default: "arraybuffer"): Determines how attachment content is decoded in the parsed email:
  - "base64"
  - "utf8"
  - "arraybuffer" (no decoding, returns ArrayBuffer)
  Any other value throws an EINVALIDOPTION error.
- maxNestingDepth (number, default: 256): Maximum allowed MIME part nesting depth. Throws an EMAXNESTINGDEPTH error if exceeded.
- maxHeadersSize (number, default: 2097152): Maximum allowed total header size in bytes (default 2MB), counted across every part and every inline message/rfc822 sub-message. Each header line counts for at least 64 bytes, since what the parser keeps of a line is far larger than a short line itself. Throws an EMAXHEADERSIZE error if exceeded.
- maxPartCount (number, default: 10000): Maximum allowed number of MIME parts in a message, the top-level part and the parts of inline message/rfc822 sub-messages included. Throws an EMAXPARTCOUNT error if exceeded.
- maxRfc822NestingDepth (number, default: 10): Maximum allowed recursion depth for inline message/rfc822 sub-messages. Nested messages deeper than this are treated as regular attachments instead of being parsed inline, and the resulting attachment has rfc822DepthExceeded: true set. Use 0 to disable inline parsing entirely.
- maxForwardedAddresses (number, default: 10000): Maximum allowed number of From, To, Cc and Bcc addresses across all inline message/rfc822 sub-messages, a group and each of its members counted. These addresses are rendered into the text and html of the message, so the count is shared by every level of nesting. Throws an EMAXFORWARDEDADDRESSES error if exceeded.

The limit options must be non-negative integers, and maxPartCount a positive one, since the message itself is a part. Any other value, including a numeric string, NaN or Infinity, throws an EINVALIDOPTION error. Passing 0 means a literal zero, not "use the default". The options are configuration: a large enough limit is as good as none, so do not pass an options object that comes from untrusted input as it is.

Important

The maxNestingDepth, maxHeadersSize, maxPartCount, maxRfc822NestingDepth and maxForwardedAddresses options provide built-in security against malicious emails with deeply nested or very wide MIME structures or oversized headers that could cause performance issues or memory exhaustion. maxHeadersSize and maxPartCount count the header bytes and the parts of every level of a message together, so a multipart cannot carry the budget again for each part it declares. Each inline message/rfc822 sub-message is parsed by a new parser instance that continues the counts of its parent, so the limits hold for the message as a whole however many sub-messages it carries. maxRfc822NestingDepth bounds how deep such sub-parsers can be nested, and maxForwardedAddresses bounds the addresses that all of them together render into the parent.

The whole message is held in memory while it is parsed, so untrusted input should still be bounded by size before it reaches the parser.

Warning

If you scan messages for malicious content, do not treat attachments as complete without checking rfc822DepthExceeded. Anything nested below maxRfc822NestingDepth stays inside the raw bytes of the flagged attachment and is not reflected in text, html or attachments, so a sender can push a payload past the limit to hide it from a scanner. Re-parse the flagged attachment's content if you need to see inside it:

for (const attachment of email.attachments) {
    if (attachment.rfc822DepthExceeded) {
        const nested = await PostalMime.parse(attachment.content);
        // scan `nested` too, and bound how many times you do this
    }
}

Warning

The parsed values are the sender's, decoded but not sanitized. html is the message's own markup: run it through a sanitizer such as DOMPurify, or render it in an iframe with sandbox="allow-same-origin" and without allow-scripts, as the demo in example/ does. Otherwise a script in the message runs with the privileges of your page. text is plain text and has to be escaped before it is inserted into HTML. An attachment filename can hold path separators, control characters or bidirectional overrides, so treat it as untrusted before using it as a path or showing it. mimeType, disposition, contentId and method are the lowercased header tokens as sent, free of CR and LF but otherwise unvalidated: a mimeType can hold whitespace, quotes or path separators, and a contentId can lack its angle brackets, hold whitespace or repeat across attachments, so validate them before using one as a path, a file extension or a lookup key.

Note

A malformed message is read the way the parsers a mail scanner is usually built on read it, Python's email package and mailparser in particular, so that a scanner and this parser see the same message:

The header block ends at the first line that is neither a header field (Name:, an empty name or an mbox From line included) nor a fold starting with SP or HTAB. That line and everything after it is the body, even when more header-like lines follow. A line of only whitespace is a fold unless the next line is not a header, in which case it ends the headers.
A bare CR inside a header line is folded into a space in value, as Go and mailparser read it; it is not a line break, which Python reads it as.
Whitespace between a field name and its colon (Name :, RFC 5322 obsolete syntax) keeps the line a header, listed under the key with the whitespace in it, as Go and mailparser read it; Python ends the header block there.
A message/rfc822 part with a base64 or quoted-printable transfer encoding, which RFC 2046 forbids, is an attachment with its content decoded, as mailparser returns it, rather than an inline forward.
format=flowed is unfolded in text/plain parts only.
A multipart whose boundary holds a non-ASCII character has no parts: its body is read as plain text, like that of a multipart without a boundary.
The Content-Transfer-Encoding is the token at the start of the value, so (comment) base64 and base64 x decode and a quoted "base64" does not.
The UTF-16 charset labels honoured are the ones Python and iconv-lite both decode: utf-16, utf16, utf_16, utf-16le and utf-16be. The labels unicode, csunicode, iso-10646-ucs-2, unicodefeff and unicodefffe, which neither knows, and ucs-2, ucs2, utf16le and utf16be, which only iconv-lite knows, fall back like an unknown charset. A byte order mark decides the byte order under utf-16 only.

Returns: A Promise that resolves to a structured Email object with the following properties:

headers: An array of Header objects, each containing:
- key: Lowercase header name (e.g., "dkim-signature"). The name is otherwise kept as written, so a line with whitespace around the name, such as a From : line or a first line that starts with a space, is listed under that spelling ("from ") and does not count as the from header.
- originalKey: The header name as written in the message, preserving case.
- value: Header value as a string, unfolded per RFC 5322 and otherwise unprocessed. Unfolding removes the line break of a folded header and keeps the folding whitespace, so Subject: Hello\r\n World reads as Hello World. Encoded words are not decoded here.
Headers appear in the order they were sent, including duplicates. Where a single value is exposed on its own property, such as subject or from, the first occurrence of the header wins.
headerLines: An array of HeaderLine objects in the same order as headers, each containing:
- key: Lowercase header name.
- line: The complete raw header line, including the name and the original line breaks of a folded header. The line is raw, so unlike value it can hold a bare CR; sanitize it before writing it into another message.
from, sender: Processed Address objects (can be a Mailbox or address group):
- name: Decoded display name, or an empty string if not set.
- address: Email address.
- group: Array of Mailbox objects (only for address groups).
deliveredTo, returnPath: Single email addresses as strings.
to, cc, bcc, replyTo: Arrays of Address objects (same structure as from).
subject: Subject line of the email.
messageId, inReplyTo, references: Values from their corresponding headers.
date: The email's sending time in ISO 8601 format (or the original string if parsing fails).
html: String containing the HTML content of the email, with CRLF line endings normalized to LF.
text: String containing the plain text content of the email, with CRLF line endings normalized to LF. A text or HTML part that declares no charset is read as UTF-8, or as windows-1252 when its bytes are not valid UTF-8, and an HTML part without one may name its charset in a <meta> tag.
attachments: Array of Attachment objects:
- filename: String or null
- mimeType: String, the lowercased Content-Type value as sent, not validated (see the warning above)
- disposition: The lowercased Content-Disposition token, usually "attachment" or "inline", or null if the part had no such header. Other tokens a message carries are passed through as they are
- related: Boolean (optional, true if the part sits in a multipart/related tree and has a Content-ID, such as an inline image)
- contentId: String (optional, the Content-ID header value as sent, usually with its angle brackets, not validated)
- description: String (optional, the decoded Content-Description header)
- method: String (optional, the uppercased method parameter of a calendar part, such as "REQUEST")
- rfc822DepthExceeded: Boolean (optional, see the warning above)
- content: ArrayBuffer or string, depending on attachmentEncoding. The decoded bytes of the part exactly as sent, line endings included. Calendar parts are the exception: they are normalized to UTF-8 text with LF line endings and returned as a Uint8Array
- encoding: "base64" or "utf8" (optional)

TypeScript Types

import type { Email, Address, Mailbox, Header, Attachment, PostalMimeOptions, RawEmail } from 'postal-mime';

// Main email parsing
const email: Email = await PostalMime.parse(rawEmail);

// With options
const options: PostalMimeOptions = {
    attachmentEncoding: 'base64',
    maxNestingDepth: 100
};
const email: Email = await PostalMime.parse(rawEmail, options);

// Working with addresses
if (email.from) {
    // Address can be either a Mailbox or a Group
    if ('group' in email.from && email.from.group) {
        // It's a group
        email.from.group.forEach((member: Mailbox) => {
            console.log(member.address);
        });
    } else {
        // It's a mailbox
        const mailbox = email.from as Mailbox;
        console.log(mailbox.address);
    }
}

// Working with attachments
email.attachments.forEach((att: Attachment) => {
    if (att.encoding === 'base64') {
        // content is a string
        const base64Content: string = att.content as string;
    } else {
        // content is ArrayBuffer (default)
        const buffer: ArrayBuffer = att.content as ArrayBuffer;
    }
});

Errors

Every error the parser throws has a code property that identifies it. Match on code rather than on the message, which may change between releases. PostalMime.parse() reports all of them by rejecting the returned promise. new PostalMime(options) throws EINVALIDOPTION synchronously, and parser.parse() rejects with the rest.

Code	Error type	Cause
`EINVALIDOPTION`	`TypeError`	An option has an invalid value: a limit option that is not a non-negative integer (`maxPartCount`: a positive one), or an unknown `attachmentEncoding`
`EINVALIDINPUT`	`TypeError`	The email is not of a supported type, such as a number or a plain object, or a `ReadableStream` produced a chunk that is not an `ArrayBufferView`
`EPARSERREUSED`	`Error`	`parse()` was called a second time on the same `PostalMime` instance
`EMAXNESTINGDEPTH`	`Error`	MIME parts are nested deeper than `maxNestingDepth`
`EMAXHEADERSIZE`	`Error`	The headers of the message are larger than `maxHeadersSize`
`EMAXPARTCOUNT`	`Error`	The message has more MIME parts than `maxPartCount`
`EMAXFORWARDEDADDRESSES`	`Error`	Inline `message/rfc822` sub-messages hold more addresses than `maxForwardedAddresses`

Errors without a code do not come from the parser itself, for example an error from the ReadableStream or Blob the email is read from, which is passed through unchanged. Malformed message content is not an error: the parser recovers from it and returns what it could read. null, undefined and an empty string parse to an empty message.

import PostalMime from 'postal-mime';

try {
    const email = await PostalMime.parse(rawEmail, { maxNestingDepth: 50 });
    console.log(email.subject);
} catch (err) {
    switch (err.code) {
        case 'EMAXNESTINGDEPTH':
        case 'EMAXHEADERSIZE':
        case 'EMAXPARTCOUNT':
        case 'EMAXFORWARDEDADDRESSES':
            // the message exceeds a resource limit, it is likely malicious or broken
            console.error('Rejected email:', err.message);
            break;
        default:
            // EINVALIDOPTION, EINVALIDINPUT and EPARSERREUSED point to a bug in the calling code
            throw err;
    }
}

Utility Functions

addressParser()

import { addressParser } from 'postal-mime';

addressParser(addressStr, opts) -> Address[]

addressStr: A raw address header string.
opts: Optional configuration:
- flatten (boolean, default: false): If true, ignores address groups and returns a flat array of addresses.

Returns: An array of Address objects, which can be nested if address groups are present.

An address is only ever read from the raw header. An RFC 2047 encoded word is decoded into the display name, and a word that decodes to something that looks like a mailbox, such as =?utf-8?B?...?= standing for Name <name@example.com>, gives a name and an empty address: the raw header holds no mailbox, so no DMARC verifier has authenticated one.

Example:

import { addressParser } from 'postal-mime';

const addressStr = '=?utf-8?B?44Ko44Od44K544Kr44O844OJ?= <support@example.com>';
console.log(addressParser(addressStr));
// [ { name: 'エポスカード', address: 'support@example.com' } ]

TypeScript

import { addressParser } from 'postal-mime';
import type { Address, AddressParserOptions } from 'postal-mime';

const addressStr = '=?utf-8?B?44Ko44Od44K544Kr44O844OJ?= <support@example.com>';
const addresses: Address[] = addressParser(addressStr);

// With options
const options: AddressParserOptions = { flatten: true };
const flatAddresses: Address[] = addressParser(addressStr, options);

decodeWords()

import { decodeWords } from 'postal-mime';

decodeWords(encodedStr) -> string

encodedStr: A string that may contain MIME encoded-words.

Returns: A Unicode string with all encoded-words decoded.

Example:

import { decodeWords } from 'postal-mime';

const encodedStr = 'Hello, =?utf-8?B?44Ko44Od44K544Kr44O844OJ?=';
console.log(decodeWords(encodedStr));
// Hello, エポスカード

TypeScript

import { decodeWords } from 'postal-mime';

const encodedStr = 'Hello, =?utf-8?B?44Ko44Od44K544Kr44O844OJ?=';
const decoded: string = decodeWords(encodedStr);
console.log(decoded); // Hello, エポスカード

Development

The source lives in src/ as TypeScript. npm run build compiles it twice, into dist/esm/ as ES modules and into dist/cjs/ as CommonJS, each with its own type declarations, source maps and declaration maps. dist/ and src/ are published, so stack traces and go-to-definition land in the TypeScript source. The build runs automatically on npm install.

npm install          # installs dependencies and builds dist/
npm test             # builds, then runs the test suite against src/ and the built package, one file at a time
npm run lint         # ESLint and a full type-check of src/ and test/
npm run format       # Prettier

License

postal-mime is licensed under the MIT No Attribution license.

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
.github		.github
example		example
scripts		scripts
src		src
test		test
.gitignore		.gitignore
.ncurc.cjs		.ncurc.cjs
.npmrc		.npmrc
.prettierignore		.prettierignore
.prettierrc.json		.prettierrc.json
CHANGELOG.md		CHANGELOG.md
LICENSE.txt		LICENSE.txt
README.md		README.md
eslint.config.js		eslint.config.js
package-lock.json		package-lock.json
package.json		package.json
tsconfig.base.json		tsconfig.base.json
tsconfig.cjs.json		tsconfig.cjs.json
tsconfig.esm.json		tsconfig.esm.json
tsconfig.json		tsconfig.json

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postal-mime

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postal-mime

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Demo

Installation

Upgrading from 3.x

Usage

Browser

Node.js

CommonJS

Cloudflare Email Workers

TypeScript Support

Available Types

Type Narrowing

API

PostalMime.parse()

Errors

Utility Functions

addressParser()

decodeWords()

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