Theming: Better System Appearance Handling

[JasonVMo]

Summary

Replace the current mix of requested appearance, resolved light or dark mode,
and high-contrast state with a structured model exposed through ThemeState.
Unify platform resolution so components can reliably ask which scheme is active
without re-reading theme context or depending on mutable module state.

The existing AppearanceOptions union combines several concepts, platform
helpers disagree on resolution, and ThemeState exposes only a
highContrast boolean.

Goal

Replace the ad hoc appearance and high-contrast handling with a structured
model: separate the requested color scheme from the resolved one, expose whether
the active theme is light or dark, and surface those values on ThemeState.

Stage

Stage 2 - Beta delivery.

Why it matters

• Observed. One union carries three different concepts.
  AppearanceOptions is 'light' | 'dark' | 'darkElevated' | 'highContrast',
  and Theme.host.appearance is AppearanceOptions | 'dynamic'
  (Theme.types.ts).
  A theme in 'highContrast' therefore has no representable light or dark
  value, and a theme in 'dynamic' has no resolved value at all.
• Observed. ThemeState cannot answer "is this theme dark?".
  useThemeState.ts
  computes highContrast: theme.host.appearance === 'highContrast' || isHighContrast(theme) and exposes no scheme value, so a component that needs
  scheme-dependent behavior has to read the raw Theme from context.
• Observed. High contrast is determined differently on every platform:
  constant false in
  platformUtils.defaults.ts,
  a module-level mutable flag set by setIsHighContrast in
  platformUtils.macos.ts,
  a theme?.name === 'HighContrast' string check in
  platformUtils.win32.ts,
  and AppTheme.isHighContrast in
  platformUtils.windows.ts.
• Observed. getCurrentAppearance also diverges. The default implementation
  returns Appearance.getColorScheme() || fallback for 'dynamic'; the Windows
  implementation additionally returns 'highContrast' when
  AppTheme.isHighContrast, collapsing scheme and accessibility mode into one
  return value. The default version treats null and undefined inputs as the
  fallback while the Windows version checks only undefined.
• Inferred. Because the scheme is not resolved into ThemeState, every
  consumer that needs it re-derives it, and the macOS module-level mutable flag
  means the value depends on call ordering rather than on the theme.

Observed current state

• Observed. ThemeOptions has both appearance (including 'dynamic') and
  defaultAppearance, plus paletteName
  (Theme.types.ts).
• Observed. The appearance helpers are exported publicly from the design
  theming submodule
  (theming/index.ts)
  and re-exported by
  theming-utils; they
  were consolidated into design by
  PR #4155.
• Observed. Theme invalidation on appearance change is implemented per
  platform theme rather than centrally:
  createAppleTheme.macos.ts
  registers Appearance.addChangeListener and the macOS highContrastChanged
  accessibility listener and calls ThemeReference.invalidate().
• Observed. useThemeState caches one ThemeState per Theme object
  identity, so any appearance-derived value placed on ThemeState is only
  recomputed when the theme object changes.
• Observed. High-contrast token selection consumes the same union:
  getAliasTokens(mode: AppearanceOptions) in
  theme-tokens/src/getTokens.ts
  branches on 'light', 'dark' | 'darkElevated', and 'highContrast' with
  assertNever.
• Observed. The Storybook app exposes exactly four fixed choices --
  none, light, dark, high contrast -- built from createDefaultTheme
  (StorybookTheme.tsx); there
  is no 'dynamic' option.

Upstream appearance model (x3-design/fluent-design at d334acf)

• Observed. Upstream separates requested from resolved by construction. A
  theme built by createTheme always carries both resolved modes
  (ThemeResult.light and ThemeResult.dark), and selection happens at
  consumption time through CSS light-dark() with color-scheme, an explicit
  [data-theme="light"|"dark"] selector, or a prefers-color-scheme media
  query. The dev/web/flex-themes README shows scoping a subtree by setting
  color-scheme on an element.
• Observed. The scheme is a two-value axis only: light and dark. There is no
  darkElevated equivalent.
• Observed. Mode also parameterizes derived behavior rather than only token
  values: the interaction algorithm's lightness direction and alpha constants are
  per mode, and contrast.mjs takes an explicit mode argument with a
  MODE_SURFACE constant used to composite translucent colors.
• Inferred. This supports modeling FURN's resolved scheme as a required,
  always-concrete light or dark value on ThemeState, with high contrast and any
  elevated treatment as separate axes rather than as scheme members.

Scope

• Define the structured model: a requested color scheme (including a dynamic or
  system option), a resolved scheme that is always concrete, and accessibility
  modes such as high contrast and elevated dark treated as separate axes rather
  than as scheme values.
• Add the resolved values to ThemeState alongside the existing highContrast
  flag, keeping the identity and caching guarantees intact.
• Unify the platform implementations behind one API, keeping platform detection
  in the existing .macos.ts, .win32.ts, and .windows.ts files and removing
  divergent behavior such as the 'HighContrast' name check and the
  null/undefined inconsistency.
• Define how a change in system appearance or high contrast invalidates the
  theme and produces a new ThemeState, and where that subscription belongs.
• Provide a migration path for AppearanceOptions consumers, including
  getAliasTokens and the platform theme packages.

Out of scope

• Changing which token values each appearance resolves to; see
  Default Values Codegen.
• Adding a Flex-value context; see
  Dynamic Theme Building.
• Deriving interaction colors per scheme; see
  Runtime Color Utilities.
• Adding a dynamic appearance option to Storybook, which is listed as a
  suggested addition.

Deliverables

1. The structured appearance types, exported from the design theming submodule.
2. Resolved scheme and accessibility values on ThemeState.
3. One unified appearance API with consistent behavior across the default,
   macOS, win32, and windows implementations.
4. A defined and implemented invalidation path for system appearance and
   high-contrast changes.
5. A migration note plus updates for existing AppearanceOptions consumers.
6. Tests covering resolution for each requested scheme on each platform
   implementation, plus ThemeState recomputation on change.
7. Changesets.

Acceptance criteria

• The requested scheme and the resolved scheme are separately representable,
  and the resolved scheme is always a concrete light or dark value.
• High contrast and any elevated dark treatment are represented
  independently of the light/dark scheme.
• ThemeState exposes the resolved scheme and the accessibility values, and
  a component can determine whether the active theme is dark without reading
  the raw Theme.
• The default, macOS, win32, and windows implementations expose the same API
  with documented per-platform sources, and no implementation infers high
  contrast from a theme name string.
• getCurrentAppearance handles null and undefined identically across
  implementations.
• A system appearance change or high-contrast change produces a new
  ThemeState, covered by a test.
• Existing consumers of AppearanceOptions, including
  getAliasTokens
  and the platform theme packages, still compile and behave the same, or are
  updated with a recorded migration.
• yarn build, yarn lage test, and yarn lage lint pass at the
  repository root, and changesets are present.

Dependencies and ordering

• Depends on Dynamic Theme Building, which
  determines how ThemeState is constructed and what a Flex-authored theme
  supplies.
• Pairs with Default Values Codegen: the
  structured scheme model determines which generated appearance sets exist and
  how one is selected.
• Feeds Apple Theme, which relies on macOS appearance and
  high-contrast resolution.
• Feeds Runtime Color Utilities, whose
  derivation direction depends on the resolved scheme.

Risks and open decisions

• Open decision. Whether AppearanceOptions is redefined in place or a new
  type is added with the old one deprecated. Observed: it is exported
  publicly from design theming and re-exported by the theme-types shim, and
  getAliasTokens uses assertNever over its members, so adding or removing a
  member is a compile-time break there.
• Open decision. Whether 'darkElevated' is a scheme, a modifier on dark, or
  a platform-specific concept. Observed: it is currently a scheme value that
  getAliasTokens folds into the dark branch.
• Open decision. Where appearance subscriptions live. Observed: they are
  currently registered by individual platform themes such as
  createAppleTheme.macos.ts, so a theme that does not register them never
  updates.
• Risk. The macOS module-level mutable isHighContrastEnabled flag makes the
  value global rather than per-theme; replacing it changes ordering behavior for
  existing consumers that call setIsHighContrast directly.
• Risk. ThemeState is cached per Theme object identity. If an appearance
  change does not produce a new theme object, added ThemeState values will go
  stale; the invalidation path must be part of the change, not an assumption.
• Risk. Platform detection must stay inside platform-suffixed files so the
  React Native forks are not pulled into one type graph, per
  AGENTS.md.
• Risk, and a hard evidence gap. Observed: there is no high-contrast or
  forced-colors theme anywhere in x3's dev/web/flex-themes -- no such CSS file,
  token set, or media query. FURN's high-contrast behavior therefore has no
  upstream definition to align to and must be sourced from the platform APIs and
  the Fluent token packages, which do ship high-contrast variants
  (@fluentui-react-native/design-tokens-macos hclight/hcdark and
  @fluentui-react-native/design-tokens-win32 hc). The owner should confirm
  that split before the structured model is finalized.

Evidence and references

• packages/agentic/design/src/theming/types/Theme.types.ts: AppearanceOptions, Theme.host.appearance, ThemeOptions.
• packages/agentic/design/src/theming/platformUtils.defaults.ts, platformUtils.macos.ts, platformUtils.win32.ts, platformUtils.windows.ts: the four divergent implementations.
• packages/agentic/design/src/useThemeState.ts: current ThemeState fields and caching.
• packages/agentic/design/src/theming/themeReference.ts: invalidation mechanism.
• packages/theming/apple-theme/src/createAppleTheme.macos.ts: per-theme appearance subscriptions.
• packages/theming/theme-tokens/src/getTokens.ts: AppearanceOptions consumer with assertNever.
• apps/storybook/src/StorybookTheme.tsx: fixed appearance choices with no dynamic option.
• microsoft/fluentui-react-native@80bf14d: PR Consolidate getCurrentAppearance, isHighContrast and setHighContrast in design package #4155, consolidated the appearance helpers into design.
• microsoft/fluentui-react-native@ea738f0: PR Ensure that useThemeState will work with existing furn themes #4186, ThemeState over existing FURN themes.
• x3 dev/web/flex-themes/README.md: color-scheme scoping, adaptive versus split files, and mode selectors.
• x3 dev/web/flex-themes/createTheme.d.ts: ThemeResult carrying both resolved modes and toCss mode selection.
• x3 dev/web/flex-themes/contrast.d.ts: explicit mode parameter and MODE_SURFACE.